Armani G, et al. - Researchers investigated if the interplay between the lymphatic and the blood microvasculature, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint constitutes an immune microenvironment affecting the clinical outcome of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. To detect blood and lymphatic vessels, they subjected samples from 50 squamous cell carcinomas and 42 adenocarcinomas to immunofluorescence and recognized microvessels as an essential component of the cancer immune microenvironment. They suggested implementing the clinical impact of the PD-1/PD-L1-based immune contexture by the assessment of microvascular density to potentially identify patients with non-small-cell lung cancer for whom immunotherapy and antiangiogenic treatment could be beneficial.