Chowdhury NI, et al. - In a prospective cohort of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients, researchers assessed the role of mucus cytokines in anticipating 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcomes Test (SNOT-22) scores after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The longitudinal cohort study involved 147 patients with CRS electing surgical therapy. Using a multiplex flow-cytometric bead assay, mucus was collected intraoperatively from the middle meatus and tested for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, -4, -5, -6, -7,- 8, -9, -10, -12, -13, -17A, and -21; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; interferon-γ; eotaxin; and RANTES (regulated-on-activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) expression. According to results, IL-5 was an independent predictor of postoperative total SNOT-22 improvement (β = −8.8). On the other hand, IL-2 levels anticipated postoperative worsening (β = 6.97). For postoperative SNOT-22 domain scores, similar associations have also been observed. Similarly, the random forest model identified IL-5, TNF-α, IL-13, and IL-2 as major predictors of postoperative SNOT-22 scores. Mucus cytokine profiles can help to identify patients with CRS who are likely to improve after ESS.