Suzuki T, et al. - The efficacy of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors was assessed by the researchers for the treatment of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in an HTLV-I endemic area. Findings suggested that the effectiveness of TNF inhibitors could be attenuated in RA subjects having positive anti-HTLV-I antibody. When TNF inhibitors were used for 24 weeks, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) did not develop but the long-term risk remained unknown.