Tourani M, et al. - The association of TNF-α and IL-1β with peptic ulcer in the presence of H. pylori was investigated herein. In the presence of H. pylori infection, a possible pivotal role of increased level of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer was shown. The importance of IL-1β in the absence of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer development was also highlighted.