Hong X, Qin P, Huang K, et al. - Researchers conducted this case control study to find differences in the vaginal microbiome between women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and healthy control women. Women with newly diagnosed PCOS (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 40) were included from the hospital as well as from the maternal and child health center. The vaginal swabs have been obtained, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing has identified microbiome structures. The data presented in this work showed a significant difference in vaginal bacterial structures between PCOS and healthy control women. The Mycoplasma genus was linked to PCOS in the vaginal microbiome. Causal associations between PCOS and the vaginal microbiome need to be explored further.