Kemppainen KM, et al. - As a part of this research, the link between early-life antibiotic use and islet or celiac disease (CD) autoimmunity was inspected, among genetically at-risk children prospectively followed up for type 1 diabetes (T1D) or CD. The use of common antibiotics during the first 4 years of life, irrespective of the geographic region, did not correlate with the development of autoimmunity for T1D or CD. A risk of islet or tissue transglutaminase autoimmunity did not necessarily affect the recommendations for clinical use of antibiotics in young children at risk for T1D or CD.