Ravaioli S, et al. - The role of androgen receptors (ARs) and oestrogen receptors (ERs) was determined for the prognosis of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated with surgery and radiotherapy. AR was higher in tumours of relapsed patients than non-relapsed patients. In contrast, ER appeared to be higher, although not prominently, in non-relapsed patients than in relapsed patients. Hence, this research underscored the potentially vital role of both AR and the AR/ER ratio as prognostic markers in DCIS.