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Anatomic distribution of the morphologic variation of the upper lip frenulum among healthy newborns

JAMA Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery Aug 28, 2019

Ray S, et al. - In this cross-sectional study, researchers measured the variations in length, thickness, and attachments of the maxillary labial frenulum in healthy newborns and identified which anatomic measurements could be used in further research examining the maxillary labial frenulum. Participants in the study were 150 healthy newborns admitted to the newborn nursery at a tertiary care children’s hospital in Maryland between September 1, 2017, and April 1, 2018. According to findings, maxillary labial frenulum had numerous morphologic components with varying distributions. Several components with widely distributed means and SDs were helpful in distinguishing degrees of lip tethering, including alveolar edge to frenulum gingival attachment; frenulum length of stretch; frenulum gingival attachment thickness; frenulum labial attachment thickness; and the percentage of free lip to total lip length. This new understanding of maxillary labial frenulum anatomy may be useful in future studies that examine the difficulty of the maxillary labial frenulum and neonatal breastfeeding.
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