Alnuwaysir RIS, Beverborg NG, Hoes MF, et al. - In heart failure (HF) patients, iron deficiency (ID), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or anemia were found to have great overlap in biomarker profiles. This indicates common pathways linked with these syndromes.

• This study included 2,151 HF patients from the BIOSTAT-CHF cohort; stratified based on ID, anemia and/or CKD.

• A considerable overlap was evident in biomarkers and pathways between cases with isolated ID, anemia or CKD, or in combination, with processes associated with immunity, inflammation, cell survival and cancer among the common pathways.

• Transferrin receptor, interleukin-6, fibroblast growth factor-23, and bone morphogenetic protein 6 were identified as the key biomarkers shared between syndromes with ID.

• ID either alone or on top of CKD and anemia was found to be related to worse quality of life, exercise capacity and prognosis of patients with worsening HF.