Fazzino TL, et al. - Researchers reviewed an increasing body of intervention studies investigating the effectiveness of brief reinforcement-based psychosocial interventions, such as behavioral activation (BA) and behavioral economics (BE), in addressing substance use outcomes. In addition, they reviewed a smaller body of evidence investigating mechanisms of action and moderators of treatment effectiveness for substance use outcomes. Conducting a comprehensive literature search of four databases, they identified 12 relevant studies for inclusion. As per preliminary evidence, reinforcement-based interventions are efficacious in targeting substance use outcomes. The available studies do not yield sufficiently clear findings regarding mechanisms driving BA/BE effectiveness and factors that may moderate treatment effects.