Kuroda H, et al. - This study was planned to examine the efficacy and adequacy of postoperative analgesic medications for thoracoscopic surgery and to simplify the choice of additional drugs based on a numerical rating scale (NRS). Researchers identified a small number of patients who had moderate-to-severe pain after thoracoscopic surgery. With an NRS score of ≥3, tramadol demonstrated borderline efficacy in controlling postoperative intense pain.