Arduino PG, Lodi G, Cabras M, et al. - This is the first randomized controlled clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of surgical excision to prevent cancer in patients with non-dysplastic oral leukoplakia (OL). In this group of patients, this trial compared surgical treatment with standard care. Study participants were divided into two groups. The first group underwent standard care, ie, smoking counseling, follow-up visits every six months, and control biopsy when indicated and the second group underwent surgical excision, together with standard care. In total, 260 patients enrolled in the study, of which 132 were women (50.8%); during the follow-up period, two participants developed oral cancer, one for each arm. Compared with standard care, surgical treatment was associated with a lower probability of the treated zone remained healed during the follow up period. It can be presumed that periodic clinical follow-up among patients with non-dysplastic OLs can be considered a reliable standard of care.