Bozzini G, et al. – The efficacy and safety of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and percutaneous lithotripsy (PCNL) were compared for the management of lower calyceal stones sized 1–2 cm. Outcomes revealed that RIRS and PCNL were more effective than SWL in order to obtain a better stone-free rate (SFR) and less auxiliary and re-treatment rate in single lower calyceal stone with a CT diameter between 1 and 2 cm. In addition, RIRS offered the best outcome in terms of procedure length, radiation exposure and hospital stay compared to PCNL.