Liu C, et al. - Researchers determined the differential diagnostic efficiency of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), an immune checkpoint molecule, and other immune molecules, as well as the discriminatory efficacy of a panel of immune molecules combined with cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) to differentiate between breast cancer (BC) and benign breast disease (BBD). They found that the diagnostic areas under curve (AUCs) of PD-1, IL-2 receptor alpha (IL-2Rα), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) for BC–BBD discernment were 0.764, 0.758, and 0.743, respectively. Findings revealed high efficiency shown by the panel containing PD-1, IL-2Rα, IL-10, and CA15-3 in effectively discriminating BC from BBD. After further corroboration, it could serve as a complementary tool to conventional imaging modalities, particularly in discriminating early-stage BC from BBD.