Sugisaki N, et al. - Using a large-scale medical database in Japan, the researchers identified the adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antithrombotics on the upper gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa in a clinical setting as a case-control study. From January 2009 to December 2014, the risk of upper GI mucosal injuries in patients receiving NSAIDs and antithrombotics using the Japan Medical Data Center claims database with data for 13 million accumulated patients was evaluated. As per findings, patients receiving NSAIDs and antithrombotic drugs were at risk of upper GI mucosal injuries. Compared with single-drug therapy, polypharmacy with NSAIDs and antithrombotic drugs increased the risk. In addition, the increased risk was observed with lifestyle-related diseases, including diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.