Ihara H, Kikuchi K, Taniguchi H, et al. - The medical records of all dialysis patients attending eight study centers in 2010 were examined of which, 1,038 consecutive patients were chosen to evaluate the efficiency of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) relative to the risk of hospitalization and death because of pneumonia and acute cardiac events. In dialysis patients, the PPSV23 vaccination was correlated with a good prognosis and a low risk of cardiac events, nevertheless, no evidence designating improved protective effectiveness against pneumonia was noted, implying that the PPSV23 vaccination could enhance the prognosis by undeviatingly inhibiting cardiovascular events.