Healthcare historically has taken a one-size-fits-all approach to diagnosis and treatment. Here’s one reason why- men have historically had far greater representation in clinical studies than women. This article throws light on the evidence which suggests that under-representation leads to poorer outcomes for female patients.

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What is bikini medicine?

Sex differences lead to underdiagnosis or diagnostic delay in more than 700 diseases for women, compared to men, according to an article published by the University of Colorado’s Ludeman Family Center for Women’s Health Research.

Research has debunked this theory. As noted in a study published in Nature, sex and gender are essential considerations for precision medicine (sex defined as the biological component; gender as a social construction).

Study authors pointed out that conditions such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and autoimmune diseases affect men and women differently. What’s more, some diseases affect both sexes at similar rates, yet women tend to be underdiagnosed. In light of this, here’s a brief overview of some of the ways that routine healthcare may be failing women, due to outdated practices and beliefs.

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Cardiovascular diseases

Sex affects many aspects of cardiovascular diseases, from how symptoms present to how the body interacts with medications. For example, research cited in the aforementioned University of Colorado article indicates that women taking cardiovascular medication are more than twice as likely to experience adverse reactions than men taking the same meds. Despite this, many physicians continue to prescribe the same dose for men and women.

The study included a cohort of 27,542 individuals with standard SBP, 54% of whom were women. Analysing 28 years of participant health data, researchers found that cardiovascular disease risk and incidence increased at the lower thresholds of SBP for women compared with men.

They posited that this disparity may be due to sex-specific differences in vascular anatomy and physiology, women tended to have smaller arterial diameters compared with men, after normalising for body size, for example.

They concluded that the physiologic range for SBP should be reassessed on a sex-specific basis because using the same range could lead to missed cardiovascular disease diagnosis in women.

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Mental illness and mental health

Sex also affects the diagnosis of mental illnesses, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to a study published in the Nordic Journal of Psychiatry in November 2020.

Researchers examined health data on 50 boys and 50 girls under the age of 18 with a diagnosis of ADHD. The researchers focused on referral reason, diagnostic process, and treatment. They found that, on average, female patients visited the clinic more frequently before receiving a diagnosis, and that the female patients were more likely to have been prescribed non-ADHD medication (typically for emotional symptoms) before and after diagnosis. 

Researchers posited that ADHD symptoms in girls may not be recognised by teachers and/or parents until they are older and by this point, patients may have increased emotional problems as a result of living with undiagnosed ADHD. Hormonal differences and societal perception of gendered behaviours could also be explanations.

A study published in BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine in March 2021 found evidence of other sex-specific differences in mental health symptoms.

Researchers examined a cohort of 523 professional athletes, 56% of whom were women, and found that female athletes tend to report higher rates of mental health symptoms and lower rates of mental well-being. Researchers noted various social factors, including the gender pay gap and public social media abuse, as possible reasons for this.

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Stroke symptoms

In some cases, knowing sex-specific differences in symptoms can become a matter of life and death. For example, female patients with stroke tend to present with certain symptoms that male stroke patients don’t experience, according to materials provided by Northwestern Medicine.

During a stroke, men and women typically report the following symptoms:

• Numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg
• Confusion
• Trouble speaking or seeing
• Difficulty walking
• Dizziness or loss of balance
• Severe headache

The following symptoms are, however, specific to women:

• Hiccups
• Nausea
• Chest pain
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• A racing heartbeat

Women tend to have more risk factors for stroke (including prescriptions for birth control pills, current pregnancy, diagnosed atrial fibrillation, and others), and one in five women will have a stroke in their lifetime.

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COVID-19

As the pandemic data accrues, research is uncovering sex-specific differences in the impact of SARS-CoV-2. In a study from the Journal of Women’s Health from March 2021, which used data from 1.4 million patients, collected between January 1 and May 1, 2020, researchers found that headache, anosmia, and ageusia were significantly more frequent in females.

Ear, nose, and throat symptoms were also more common in women. Chest X-ray and blood tests were performed less frequently in females, and women were hospitalised and admitted to the ICU less frequently, the data showed. 

This story is contributed by Alistair Gardiner and is a part of our Global Content Initiative, where we feature selected stories from our Global network which we believe would be most useful and informative to our doctor members.