This article discusses techniques for educating patients about the importance of not demanding antibiotics unnecessarily, understanding the side effects of antibiotics, and adhering to prescribed regimens to prevent the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Introduction

Antibiotics have revolutionised the treatment of bacterial infections, but their misuse has led to a significant public health concern: antibiotic resistance. Proper patient education regarding antibiotic use, especially in the context of viral illnesses, is critical to combat this crisis.

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of medications that once killed them or inhibited their growth. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that at least 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur in the United States each year, leading to more than 35,000 deaths [1].

Understanding antibiotic misuse

The impact of viral illnesses

Many infections, particularly respiratory illnesses, are viral in origin and do not respond to antibiotics. Patients often confuse viral infections with bacterial infections, leading them to demand antibiotics when they are not appropriate. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasises the need to address misconceptions regarding the effectiveness of antibiotics against viruses [6]. In educational settings, healthcare professionals can use simple metaphors, such as comparing antibiotics to locks that only fit specific keys (bacteria) rather than all shapes (including viruses), to enhance understanding.

Side effects of antibiotics

Patients often do not realise that antibiotics can have side effects, which can range from mild gastrointestinal disturbances to severe allergic reactions. Educating patients about these potential side effects can discourage unnecessary requests for antibiotics. In addition, acknowledging the negative impact of antibiotic overuse on the patient's gut microbiome may reinforce the idea of using these medications judiciously [3].

Techniques for patient education

Communication strategies

1. Empathetic listening: Practitioners should adopt an empathetic approach when patients request antibiotics. Listening to patients' concerns and symptoms gives them a sense of being heard, making them more receptive to education.
2. Clear explanations: Healthcare providers should explain the difference between viral and bacterial infections in simple, relatable terms. Utilising visuals, such as charts depicting infection types, can aid comprehension.
3. Decision aid tools: Offering decision aids, such as pamphlets or interactive websites, can help patients understand why antibiotics are not recommended in certain situations [2].

Counselling on proper antibiotic use

Providing explicit instructions about antibiotic use is essential. Healthcare providers should cover the following points during consultations:

1. When to use antibiotics: Delineating when antibiotics are appropriate helps patients understand the necessity of their use.
2. Full course adherence: Counseling patients about the importance of completing their antibiotic regimen, even if symptoms improve, is crucial to ensuring treatment effectiveness and preventing bacterial resistance [4].

Leveraging technology

Advanced technologies, such as mobile applications and telemedicine, can enhance patient education on antibiotic use. These platforms can provide reminders, guidelines, and additional resources, making it easier for patients to adhere to prescribed therapies [5].

Disclaimer- The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of M3 India.

About the author of this article: Dr Partha Ghosh, BNYS, MD(YS), is a general physician and a medical writer from Siliguri, Darjeeling.