Researchers in Purdue University's College of Pharmacy are leveraging the dual roles played by an enzyme found in both cancer cells and T cells to create a novel cancer immunotherapy compound.

Zhong-Yin Zhang leads a team that has developed TP1L, a highly potent and selective small-molecule degrader. It targets the enzyme TC-PTP, or T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase, in cells and deletes it.

He said recent studies have shown that deleting TC-PTP in certain tumor cells promotes antigen presentation, which alerts the immune system to the presence of tumor cells. Other studies have shown that the loss of the enzyme in T cells stimulates the activation and reproduction of T cells, which direct immune cells to fight and destroy tumor cells.

Zhang is head of the Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Distinguished Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, the Robert C. and Charlotte P. Anderson Chair in Pharmacology, a member of Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, and director of the Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery. The research has been published in Chemical Science.

Expanding immunotherapy options

Cancer immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the body's immune system to find and destroy tumor cells rather than introducing pharmaceutical compounds that attack the tumor cells themselves.

Zhang said alternatives to current immunotherapy must be developed.

"Current immunotherapy approaches are effective only in 15% of the patient population," he said. "The potency of current immunotherapy agents can be readily diminished as the cancer metastasizes and the genome alters. Also, current immunotherapy has been associated with substantial expenses and various toxicities, including neurological events."

Zhang said TC-PTP's dual roles make it an attractive target for developing novel cancer immunotherapy agents.

"Targeting TC-PTP with the small-molecule degraders represents an alternative approach to increase tumor antigen presentation and alleviate the inhibitory constraints on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment for improved immunotherapy," he said.

Creating and validating TP1L

Zhang and his team used rational design and systematic screening to discover TP1L, which he called "the first highly potent and selected TC-PTP degrader."

"TP1L was developed by leveraging the cell's ubiquitin-proteasome machinery to achieve selective degradation of TC-PTP," Zhang said. "Through TC-PTP degradation and augmentation of TC-PTP substrate phosphorylation, TP1L can increase interferon signaling in tumor cells and intensify T-cell activation, therefore enhancing tumor-killing efficacy of T cells."

After T cells kill the tumor cells, TP1L remains intact and can catalyze multiple additional rounds of TC-PTP degradation.

"We surmise that TP1L not only provides a unique opportunity for in-depth interrogation of TC-PTP biology but also serves as an excellent starting point for the development of novel immunotherapeutic agents targeting TC-PTP," Zhang said.

Zhang and his team will continue to develop TP1L at Purdue.

"We will continue to improve the potency and drug properties of the TP1L and expand its utility of the degraders on different cancers," Zhang said.