A new study found that dementia rates increase with delays in starting anticoagulation treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). The large study included more than 76,230 AF patients with no prior history of dementia that were treated with an antiplatelet or warfarin. The results were presented at Heart Rhythm 2017, the Heart Rhythm Society’s 38th Annual Scientific Sessions, and show that warfarin, in particular, can increase the risk of dementia long–term.

The study included 76,230 AF patients who had no prior history of dementia or prior use of an anticoagulation treatment. 26,189 patients were ultimately treated with an antiplatelet (n=21,781) or warfarin anticoagulation (n=4,408). Time from AF diagnosis to the use of an antiplatelet agent or anticoagulation was studied at immediate start (less than 30 days from diagnosis), and delayed (after one year). The authors note that CHADS2 Vasc score can be used to identify those at highest risk of cognitive decline with a delay in therapy.

The risk of dementia with a delay in low risk CHADS2 Vasc patients was 30 percent but increased significantly to 136 percent in high risk CHADS2 Vasc patients. The authors also found that when the time period of delays were analyzed as a spectrum from less than 30 days, 31 days to one year, one to three years and longer than three years, there was a linear risk of dementia risk with the delays in warfarin initiation.

“Our results reinforce the importance of starting anticoagulation treatment as early as possible after being diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. We saw for the first time that waiting even just 30 days to initiate anticoagulation treatment can increase a patient’s long–term risk of developing dementia,” said T. Jared Bunch, MD, Director of Heart Rhythm Research at Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute and Medical Director for Heart Rhythm Services for the Intermountain Healthcare system. “We want to ensure we’re doing everything possible to limit the risk of brain injury for our patients and our study not only shows the importance of early therapy but also shows the very limited role, if any, of aspirin for stroke prevention. In this study, the benefit was derived from using warfarin and we hope that newer anticoagulants that perform better than warfarin and are easier to start and use will further improve dementia risk.”

The authors of the study call for additional studies to fully understand how the risk of dementia increases over a longer period of time. They have recently launched a prospective study using dabigatran versus warfarin that will closely study cognitive changes over a two–year period. The growing use of these newer treatments like direct oral anticoagulants such as dabigatran, apixaban and rivaroxaban, are providing patients with more effective options and should also be studied to determine the risk of dementia.