Despite improvements in median and short-term survival rates for patients with glioblastoma, the most common brain tumor in adults, the percentage of patients achieving 5-year survival remains low, according to new Mayo Clinic research.

A study to be published next month in Mayo Clinic Proceedings finds that little has changed in terms of 5-year survival—only 5.5% of patients live for 5 years after diagnosis—and calls for more aggressive treatments to be considered for all glioblastoma patients.

Gliomas represent about 75% of malignant primary brain tumors, according to previous studies, and glioblastoma, grade IV glioma, is among the most aggressive forms of cancer. The retrospective analysis of 48,652 cases in the National Cancer Database from January 2004 through December 2009 found that 2,249 patients survived at least 5 years after diagnosis. Among those who reached 5-year survival, the median length of survival was 88 months. Patients who did not survive 5 years had a median survival of just 7 months.

"The introduction of chemotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma was revolutionary, although this research suggests that chemotherapy serves more as a temporizing measure against disease recurrence and death," says Daniel Trifiletti, MD, a Mayo Clinic radiation oncologist and senior author of the study. "Considerable work needs to be done to provide hope for patients with glioblastoma."

The study involved oncology, radiation, and biomedical statistics researchers from Mayo Clinic's Florida and Minnesota campuses, and East Tennessee State University.

According to the study, factors associated with 5-year survival included age, race and gender. Those who achieved 5-year survival were relatively younger adults, female, and nonwhite. Other factors included generally good health, higher median income, tumors that were on the left side of the brain or outside the brainstem, and treatment with radiotherapy. Contrary to previous studies, tumor size did not appear to affect the odds of long-term survival significantly.

The findings suggest that more aggressive treatments that focus on long-term survival will be needed. "Although it is uncertain how this may be achieved, it likely will require novel and radical approaches to treatment of the disease," Dr. Trifiletti says. The study recommends that nearly all patients should be offered enrollment in a clinical trial.

Dr. Trifiletti says there are several studies underway testing promising new surgeries, radiation techniques, and drug therapies. "To me, the most exciting area is in cellular therapy," he says. "In my lab, I am evaluating the possibility of using targeted cellular therapy as an agent that can synergize with existing therapies, including radiation."

Dr. Trifiletti discloses that he has received research grants from NovoCure, and Paul D. Brown, MD, a Mayo Clinic radiation oncologist and co-author, serves on the data and safety monitoring panel of IQVIA Biotech. The other authors report no competing interests.