But scientists at Yale and Harvard medical schools have discovered that, in response to bacterial invaders, nerve cells within the intestine—and not immune cells or cells lining the intestinal wall—release infection-fighting cytokines. They report their findings January 9 in the journal Cell.

The findings provide new insights into the body's response to bacterial infections that cause food poisoning and other illnesses.

"We used to believe that the immune system cells and intestinal barrier cells communicated to keep out invading bugs by mobilizing anti-microbial proteins," said co-corresponding author Richard Flavell, Sterling Professor of Immunobiology at Yale and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. "The story is actually not true—it is the nervous system telling barrier cells what to do."

The foot soldiers in the war against intestinal pathogens, it turns out, are the immune system molecules interleukin-18 or IL-18. Interleukins are part of the immune system's arsenal.

When the researchers deleted IL-18 from both immune cells and cells lining intestinal barriers, mice were still able to fend off intestinal infection from Salmonella bacteria. This ruled them out as the agents responsible for the immune response, said Flavell. But mice without IL-18 produced by nervous system cells were more susceptible to infection, revealing its key role in fighting infection.

The key role of nerve cells in the defense against pathogens makes sense, given the ability of the nervous system to communicate across long distances, Flavell said.

"The findings offer an opportunity to explore new ways to intervene in infections through the nervous system," he said.

Roni Nowarski of Harvard is co-corresponding author. Yale's Abigail Jarret and Ruaidhrí Jackson, formerly of Yale, now at Harvard, are co-lead authors.