An international collaboration, led by the University of Exeter and published in Nature Communications, has found 47 links between our genetic code and the quality, quantity, and timing of how we sleep. They include 10 new genetic links with sleep duration and 26 with sleep quality.

The Medical Research Council-funded study looked at data from 85,670 participants of UK Biobank and 5,819 individuals from three other studies, who wore accelerometers—wrist-worn devices (similar to a Fitbit) which record activity levels continuously. They wore the accelerometers continuously for 7 days, giving more detailed sleep data than previous studies, which have relied on people accurately reporting their own sleep habits.

Among the genomic regions uncovered is a gene called PDE11A. The research team discovered than an uncommon variant of this gene affects not only how long you sleep but your quality of sleep too. The gene has previously been identified as a possible drug target for treatment of people with neuropsychiatric disorders associated with mood stability and social behaviors.

The study also found that among people with the same hip circumference, a higher waist circumference resulted in less time sleeping, although the effect was very small—around 4 seconds less sleep per 1-cm waist increase in someone with the average hip circumference of around 100 cm.

The team involved colleagues from the Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts General Hospital, as well as the Netherlands, France, and Switzerland. They found that collectively, the genetic regions linked to sleep quality are also linked to the production of serotonin—a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of happiness and well-being. Serotonin is known to play a key role in sleep cycles and is theorized to help promote deeper and more restful sleep.

Senior author Dr. Andrew Wood, of the University of Exeter Medical School, said, "We know that getting enough sleep improves our health and well-being, yet we still know relatively little about the mechanisms in our bodies that influence how we sleep. Changes in sleep quality, quantity, and timing are strongly associated with several human diseases such as diabetes and obesity and psychiatric disorders.

Lead author Dr. Samuel Jones, of the University of Exeter Medical School, said, "This study identifies genetic variants influencing sleep traits, and will provide new insights into the molecular role of sleep in humans. It is part of an emerging body of work which could one day inform the development of new treatments to improve our sleep and our overall health."

The group also found further evidence that restless leg syndrome is linked to poorer sleep from the genetic variants they found to be associated with sleep measures derived from the accelerometer data.