A summer undergraduate research fellowship has helped South Dakota State University (SDSU) sophomore Caroline Kincade figure out her career path.

Through the Future Agriculture and Science Taskforce Research and Extension Experiences for Undergraduates (FAST REEU) fellowship program, Kincade worked on a project under the supervision of assistant professor Nicholas Butzin to understand how cells gain resistance to antibiotics. She was among the first group of students to participate in the US Department of Agriculture-funded program, which provided qualifying students a 10-week summer laboratory experience at SDSU. In summer 2019, each student will do an industry internship.

Associate professor of biology and microbiology, Madhav Nepal, who coordinates the program, said, “We want to get our students excited about science and agriculture.” Students interested in FAST REEU fellowship can find more information at https://www.sdstate.edu/biology-and-microbiology/fast-reeu-fellowships. Applications are due March 15.

“FAST made me realize I need to figure out what I am doing after graduation,” said Kincade, a microbiology major with a chemistry minor and a member of the Van D. and Barbara B. Fishback Honors College. The Otsego, MN, native transferred to SDSU in fall 2017 after earning an associate degree in veterinary technology at Ridgewater College in MN.

“I am very impressed by Caroline,” said Butzin, who is faculty researcher in the Department of Biology and Microbiology in the College of Natural Sciences. He also does research through the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

“She’s been a great help in the lab this summer,” added doctoral student Heather Deter, who is studying how changes in the genome allow cells, known as persisters, to gain resistance to antibiotics. “Antibiotic resistance happens because of a change in DNA.”

“Persister cells hide out but also get DNA from other organisms that can give them resistance,” Butzin said. “They’re like sleeper cells—they wait until the antibiotics are gone and start growing again.”

To study this phenomenon, the researchers use bacteria called Mycoplasma mycoides, which have a small genome. “Life is generally complex, so we want to start with something simple,” Butzin explained. The researchers begin with cells that cannot survive exposure to antibiotics and “add synthetic circuits that will allow us to test what actually causes persistence and how.”

As part of the research team, Kincade helped figure out how to grow the cells, including what type of media and buffer to use. “Doing research taught me a lot of patience,” she said. Escherichia coli cells, for instance, grow in 24 hours. “These minimal genome cells take a lot longer to grow."

“In a lab class, we have a procedure. If the experiment does not work, we go to the next one,” Kincade explained. “In research, we have to figure out why it did not work and redo it until it works.”

Once cells are treated, the researchers count the persister cells on each plate. Kincade scanned the plates and then used a computer program that Deter created to count the persister cells.

“This produces highly accurate quantitative data to understand what’s going on,” said Butzin, whose goal has been to challenge Kincade and thus increase her research skills.

“I’ve learned a lot about techniques, plus the computer stuff,” Kincade said. As she contemplated her career path, Kincade said, “Always in the back of my head I kept thinking that what I am most passionate about is animal anatomy and parasitology.”

Though she has decided to combine microbiology with veterinary medicine, Kincade will continue to use the skills she learned last summer. “The experience set me up for success,” she added.