Researchers with the Sexual Health Initiative to Foster Transformation (SHIFT), a major research initiative to study sexual violence and sexual health among Columbia University undergraduates, presented initial findings at an all–day symposium at the Mailman School, highlighting what they learned about unwanted, nonconsensual, and consensual sex, as well as about opportunities to prevent sexual assault and promote sexual health.

In the two and a half years since Columbia University President Lee Bollinger announced SHIFT, a team of researchers representing disciplines from across the University, including six Mailman faculty, have surveyed, interviewed, and observed students, assembling one of the most scientifically rigorous and comprehensive portraits of undergraduate sexual health and behavior ever compiled, reflecting a holistic picture of student experiences. The findings, which uniquely draw from several different data collection methods, underline the multiplicity of undergraduate experiences, inclusive of women, men, and gender nonconforming (GNC) students.

Consistent with research at other colleges and universities, one in five of the nearly 1,600 Columbia and Barnard undergraduates surveyed reported experiencing at least one unwanted and nonconsensual sexual incident since arriving on campus, including unwanted sexual touching, attempted penetrative sex, and completed penetrative sexual assault. Women and GNC students were at highest risk for sexual assault, and had a higher average number of repeat assaults, but men too experienced sexual assault, the survey showed. “Women and gender nonconforming students need to be the focus of prevention efforts,” said Claude Mellins, SHIFT co–director and professor of Medical Psychology in Psychiatry and Sociomedical. Sciences. “That said, one in eight men reported being the victim of assault. This is not insignificant, and is often ignored.”

Many undergraduates said they had experienced a sexual assault before they arrived at Columbia, with GNC students reporting particularly elevated rates of prior assault. Prior assault, as other research has also shown, puts students at greater risk for subsequent post–matriculation sexual assault. Other risk factors include student substance use and mental health problems, financial hardships, engaging in casual sex hook–ups, and participating in fraternities and sororities. Participation in varsity athletics was not a factor.

SHIFT researchers used student diaries and ethnographic research to gain a deeper understanding of undergraduates’ experiences, including how consensual sex fits into their broader lives – without presupposing solutions. “Our prevention work needs to be grounded in an understanding of what students actually do,” said Hirsch, “not what we wish they were doing.”

Half of students reported in diaries having sex at least once over a 60–day period, with an average of eight encounters. They described most sex as pleasurable, although the desire for sex was not communicated in one–quarter of sexual encounters. In the ethnographic research, heterosexual students often perceived the burden of consent to be on men; they also said consent is often assumed when the woman does not say no.

Both the survey and the ethnography showed that only a very small proportion of assaults are reported to campus officials. The ethnographic research shed some light on student decisions in this area: one woman told researchers she “didn’t want to be that girl.” Others said filing an official complaint would be stressful and time consuming, and threatened to subsume their identities. Men who had been sexually assaulted often didn’t label it as such or worried that if they filed a complaint, their perpetrator would turn the tables on them, labeling them as the aggressor.